Cerebrovascular disease Carotid endarterectomy even though was an old surgery, it was perfected in the last 2 decades. The endovascular stenting of the carotid artery reduces the post operative hospital stay. The emergence of embolic protective devices (EPDs) have significantly brought down the stroke rates.

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Infrainguinal angioplasty and open bypass operations Peripheral artery disease is a one of the common causes of leg pain. Patients mostly present with complaints of Claudication pain which is classically described as onset of pain on walking which is relieved on rest and recurs on walking again. Another mode of presentation is critical limb ischaemia, which manifests as gangrene of the limb, non-healing ulcers or pain at rest affecting sleep.
Clinically the disease is identified by the absence of palpable pulses. An Ankle Brachial Pressure Index value helps in corroborating the clinical findings. The diagnosis is confirmed using an Arterial Duplex. A CT angiogram is often preferred due to the valuable information it contributes to planning of the surgery. Claudicants can be treated by Best Medical Therapy while Critical Limb Ischaemia is an indication for requirement of a surgical intervention. Surgical options consist of Endovascular procedures like Angioplasty while Open bypass is also an option for treatment.
The surgical treatment of the PAOD consists of various configurations of bypass grafting. The procedure performed depends on several factors. One of the frequently encountered late complication is graft thrombosis. Endovascular stenting has reduced mortality rates remarkably in these patients. Patients who are not suitable for aneasthesia do well with endovascular procedures.

Varicose veins is a disease commonly seen in people who have prolonged hours of standing as part of their day. It is one of the manifestations of Chronic Venous Insufficiency, which occurs due to the inability of blood to ascend through the venous system of the legs, causing them to stagnate in the legs. Anatomically, the cause of the problem could be the superficial, veins deep veins or the perforator system. It leads to various complaints from patients comprising of pain, dilated veins, leg swelling, blackish discolouration of skin around the ankles and non-healing ulcers. Patients present with one or more of the above mentioned symptoms, often after a long duration of having the disease. A Duplex ultrasound establishes the anatomical cause of the disease, contributing to the line of management chosen. Treatment involves Conservative management involving Compression stockings or bandaging with ankle exercises and physiotherapy to reduce oedema, Endovascular surgery by RFA, EVLA or MOCA and Open surgical options like TSSA.